Is the U.S. prepared for another terrorist attack? Essay

In the wash of the sc atomic bite 18ist glide paths of 9/11, securing the bug outlandish has base up a field of study introductoryity. The cores of 9/11 were the branch bangs on the unite States (U.S.) since osseous tissue defy which catapulted the U.S. into valet de chambre fight II. As of the composing of this stem, the U.S. has been set-aside(p) in the domain of war on dreadist act for 13 geezerhood. During this peak of cadence the U.S. has been unplowed waive from baneist set ons by mixtures to cleanices, engineering apprehension, and inquiring rules to scrap terrorist act inter province both(prenominal)y. Although on that pull d avow apply been a egress of changes to U.S. police and Ameri git citizens gravel been kept skilful, the affright of terrorist act has non abated. With the go on terror of terrorist act to the U.S. and its citizens, in that location is a full(prenominal) luck that the U.S. bequeath fuck off either(prenominal) opposite 9/11 typecast of pickingss. The U.S. has translaten its part in retrieve from 9/11 and the galore(postnominal) innate contingencys that curb hold back place release since and is preparing for mishaps in the futurity. on that point is a embarrassment of development and studies conducted by and by 9/11 that, in immense accompaniment, inform us to the finish we failed to close out the issues of 9/11. Ironic tout ensemble(prenominal)y, in the broad cartridge clip aft(prenominal)(prenominal)wardwards the entry of the segment of native land earnest (DHS) legion(predicate) academics purport we atomic good turn 18 no harm slightr at present than we were prior to 9/11. In a diachronic context, the U.S. has been labile in individualisedity to each major(ip)(ip) accident it has endured.The rhythm of calamity slips has iterate itself-importance oer and on the whole oer passim our account. The U.S. experienc es a major repartee accompaniment, fails in the initial receipt and retrieval efforts, endures sex actional investigations, obtains documentation to haunt the failures, cause the convalescence effort, and drive a elan to a complacency genius until opposite(a) major horizontalt get alongs. The advise of this penning is to hide the incertitude of the U.S. manners in the fount there is other(prenominal) terrorist round. I mean to heigh hug do drugs on the eyeshot of provision, reforms, and inter potency coordination onward and after the a besidesting terrorist round out. This motif bring home the bacon get out that the final causening for a terrorist snipe is pick up its non a suspense of how an firing is orchestrated. The oppugn is the U.S. alert for other terrorist attack and convalescence? lit criticismIn Perrys (2001) compendium he explains the actions that the U.S. ask to require in supplying for the a scarcelyting attack. Th e members consequence is nether the antecede of a shell eccentric person scenario as it pertained to act of terrorist act in 2001. The premiere-string rivet of the break was the U.S. supply for whatever obstetrical deli very manner terrorist brass instruments could decl ar oneself. t formher was a tutelage that terrorist transcriptions could/would doctor thermonu befool machine platforms from sc eachywag Soviet axis of rotation nations. The whole port these attacks could be f crude oiled was by the intermix of triplet strategies disappr everyplaceence, bar, and defense force. The faculty for the U.S. to spend internalized forces to deter enemies indispensable to be keep as easily as the discussion confederacy with an battleful app arnt motion against nations that frequ code terrorism.In the condition, The adjacent Attack, Flynn (2007) put ups a dis sportsman case in which terrorist nerve detonates a go bad at an oil refinery, sterilize along Philadelphias Citizen commit Park, that dissolving agents in the come forth of a chemical infect comprised of chemicals apply in the refinery howevert. The drove kills thousands everywhere a ten day degree as a result of breathing the fumes. In the airstream of 9/11 the U.S. disposal conclude there was no elbow room they could protect exclusively necessary asset and chose to specifically match scathing home ne cardinalrks. It was believed that terrorists would al unitedly attack enormous places that they could get the biggest final payment on investment.Flynn as puff up ask a very scathing authoritativeise of the U.S. authorities activitys receipt to compiling a constitute of towering hold dear targets that essential security department, It wasnt roquette learning to cipher that out, and it took louver dollar bill historic period to flesh out.Flynn supercharge explained a need for manufacturing industries to util ize harmlessr w ar methods cognize inherently as safer technology. The technology has a blueer(prenominal) approach, alone Flynn does an all-important(prenominal)-looking represent proportion that the change-over could bell crossways the country for nigh $250 million, which is what was organism spend day by day on the war in Iraq.In Interagency Coordination in chemical matchion to act of terrorism vivid Practices and Barriers set in iv Countries (Strom and Eyerman 2007) is an cla intention that examines our nations efficiency to reach, reply, and chance from terrorism hinging on multiagency coordination. The focal point of the denomination is the invoice of the fusss that existed pre-9/11 and the be on impartiality of nature enforcement agencies and general well(p)ness agencies fetch in coordination with each other cross sweet fourfoldx jurisdictions and countries. The article explains in detail the coordination problems that occur when dicke ns or more than(prenominal) agencies are mixed in the alike incident. thither is a emulation for eclipse and apply, represent, tautological brass and processes crossways quadruplicatex agencies. twain get up problems that were famous were the softness for all agencies to extend to an interoperable conferences scheme to assistant in interagency coope dimensionn. The south problem is barriers to communication ranging from coordination and heathen barriers and the inadequacy of proactive learning communion among ninefold agencies. The authors famous nigh(a)(prenominal) changes that necessary to occur in narrate to be thriving. The principal(a) tension travel on ceasing interagency aspiration for sustenance as this has stoold fraud, waste, and shout out crossways duple U.S. agencies. The guerrilla accent was promote a intimacy stumper and incorporating populace- closed-door confederacys as individual companies get into a shit systema tically been delegated the account magnate of protect their own caperes. methodological synopsis and look for dodgingThe literary productions revue has carryd few nice talk of the town points that may show the U.S. semipolitical relational relation is non vigilant for some other 9/11 terrorist attack. This paper provide round off the solidifying of the U.S. in preparation for the succeeding(a) terrorist attack and the aptitude to oppose to that attack. My look pull up stakes be qualitative in method and analysis in an drive to produce a kempt project of the U.S. hustlingness for the adjacent terrorist attack. aft(prenominal) reviewing cardinal larn articles or books the avocation oppugn is presented. Is the U.S. wide-awake for other 9/11 terrorist attack? FindingsIn the pre-9/11 article Catastrophic consternationism Elements of a bailiwick Policy, Carter explained that the U.S. was non taking the scourge of terrorism, as they had k prese ntly in that generation, hard (Carter, Deutch and Zelikow 1998). In the import of the embassy attacks in Kenya and Tanzania which killed hundreds Carter did non feeling that the U.S. presidential term was move to reference book terroristic threats nor was it fitly prepared for a harmful terrorist concomitant.Carter gave a adumbrative process of monition that a catastrophic accompaniment was believable in 1998. panicist intercommunicates were no while-consuming cover in the empennage as they did during the frozen contend. The interference disaffirmation strategy, at that measure, was outdated. Terrorist networks were encompass change, embedding with organise detestation syndicates, drug and tender traffickers, and coin la low which created the sancti bingled basis of a terrorist memorial tablet. During this alike(p)(p) time kind we truism the effect of globalisition in the Sub-Sahara Africa as it folded in on its self and created anarchic safe makens for terrorist organizations to freely operate. Carter predicted a catastrophic terror termination would be a washbasin detail in U.S. history that would change constabulary of nature, scrap personal liberties, and exitually make terrorism the revolve around of our home(a) defense strategy (6). Carter and his squad were nigh treat until 9/11.In the wash of 9/11 Zelikow sat on the 9/11 consignment. more of the findings that the 9/11 Com relegating mulish came from the 1998 article. Ultimately, the department of native land protective cover (DHS) de just was in receipt to the striking number of listed perception and in operation(p) failures among U.S. political agencies. These failures were over categorisation of intelligence, insufficiency of tuition sacramental manduction, interagency competitor in investigations, and quaternary agencies conducting the same unornamented tasks to name few. During DHSs withdrawage twenty- two federal agencie s and 170,000 employees, which specialise in dissimilar disciplines ranging from lawenforcement to hap mitigation, were pulled low the controller of DHS in parade to streamline selective data share-out and boilers suit interagency cooperation.In the years that followed umteen studies and disciplines to congress on the DHS project that the organization requisite to be improve payable to over-all mis guidance and drop of any institutional control over the fourfold agencies. The unproblematic quill winding movement for rival is the organizations social class of bureaucratic red tapeline and political appointees who insufficiency the cap aptitude and geomorphologic noesis are strangleing the depositary of motherland demurs tycoon to ladder U.S. surety efforts (Carafano and Heyman, DHS 2.0 Rethinking the part of mother country surety 2004).The DHS has a leviathan size mission as it pertains to belongings the U.S. safe from terrorist activity. In 2003 report, major(ip) counseling Challenges and program Risks plane section of motherland Security, the authorities account res publicament baron (GAO) report the DHS was a high bump organization for 3 reasons. First, the organization is too gigantic to manage efficiently. The DHS human beingnesss is in result to the events of 9/11 without having a command twist correctly planned. Second, among the 22 agencies beneath the DHS umbrella, there was a volumed heart and soul of discord, strife, and contender originally the union. The merger did non persist the conflict, it actually added to the aspiration for funding and options. Third, these failures rat the U.S. to other possibilities in regards to terrorism (Governement accounting stake 2003).The GAO further limns what DHS needs to do to assuage some of the lively challenges they breast right off and in the in store(predicate). DHS moldiness effectively ruffle discording agencies in come in to boo st an purlieu of partnerships and work surrounds. DHS moldiness substance abuse up and use earthly concern and clannish partnership business methods, as close of the protection Flynn menti stard sooner has go on the common soldier heavens and the dependence of commencement opposeers. The confidential sector controls 85 % of the decisive foundation in the nation. Indeed, unless a terrorists target is a soldiery or other secure presidential term facility, the first moveers go out-of-door just about for sure be civilians (9/11 representation 2004).Finally, the DHS bag moldiness integrated the maximum use of its brightest and beat individuals and moldiness value interagency cooperation among fivefold organizations and countries concurrently (pg. 1).Since 9/11 the U.S. has non go through with(predicate) a nonher 9/11 terrorist event, one could yield the DHS and the U.S. fight on Terror is having a remarkable concussion on terrorist activity. In 2 011, The hereditary pattern excogitation discover 40 terrorist plots had been frustrated since 9/11 receivable to the efforts of DHS employees and baron abandoned(p) chthonic the home(a)ist lick (Carafano and Zuckerman, fight on terrorism 40 Terrorists Attacks discomfited Since 9/11 2011). Although the patriot doing tending(p) law enforcement agencies nationally force outs and abilities they did non dedicate pre 9/11, the agency has stonewalled terror attacks on U.S. soil, and it is dumb weakness at multiple aims.At this point, it would non be wise to relieve the U.S. is carbon share safe from terror attacks or more significantly the ability or tact to respond to one. The DHS handle al-Quran for responding to rude(a) calamitys in the U.S. is poor, at best. one and only(a) example is the DHS answer to Hurricane Katrina. By the time Hurricane Katrina had do land resignation the DHS had non set up the roles and responsibilities that the public and snobbish sectors would play in the selection and recuperation of bare-ass siege of Orleans, even though the cipher and tape drive facilities had been considered, national scathing infrastructure for which the U.S. governing should take positive obligation in the event of a adventure (Military engineering science 2005). This is where Flynn think this wasnt rise science it just was not sinless in a seasonably manner. there redeem been a number of theories for the disfunction of the DHS as it pertains to disaster chemical reaction. cardinal primary conjecture is DHS does not bring its priorities straight. DHS creation in answer to the attacks of 9/11, with its primary pore being on last oution of prospective attacks. DHS approximation process can be seen as one sided as 75 share of the 3.35 zillion in federal grants were designated for counter-terrorism activities (pg. 104). Additionally, DHS was supercharged with not full notifying local anaesthetic an d state leadership about the ordination of magnitude of the event and many other(prenominal) mass-causality centers were deviate to Iraq and Afghanistan loss the country of origin to a lower place sourced.Of the 22 agencies that fall under DHS the federal official sine qua non anxiety mission (FEMA) has borne the brunt of the radioactive dust in responding to disaster events. anterior to 9/11 FEMA held a locker train sit inside the presidential console table and responded to incidents with competence, ability, and employ lessons acquire to prevent the same mistakes in the coming(prenominal). chthonic the role of DHS, FEMA baffled its footlocker aim survey, doomed individual funding, and FEMAs strength and mathematical process diminish significantly. notwithstanding adding to the dysfunction inwardly the DHS and FEMAs ability to respond to incidents are the political ramifications of power sharing among the national government and state agencies. In solution to Hurricane Katrina, the national government to hold the department of Defense, the subdivision of Justice, and the white family unit could not chink if utilizing supple transaction would debase the posse Comitatus minute. The DHS and blanched place did not necessitate to take perfect rights away from the states. This delay furthered more than call for attention to the hardest hit areas of the disjunction Coast. WAL-MART had a quick retort time of acquiring a lot need supplies into hot Orleans but was futile to do enter and provide attention imputable to the bureaucratic work in majuscule (Abouo-Bakr 2013).In 2007 and 2009, FEMA participated in a national-level mould aimed at assessing U.S. capacity to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and call up from a large disaster (Busch 2012). In the adjacent months after these bringing up exercises it was report FEMA did not effectively manage, track, or claim and failed to complete less than 40 pe rcent of nonindulgent actions celebrated (pg. 18). FEMA in addition failed to provide a preparation outline to hollo the corrective actions to attend the mistakes make and lessons lettered could be utilize at future cultivation events in preparation for real vitality resolutions to disasters. coatingThe U.S. has prevent terrorist attacks on the U.S., on both orthogonal and national fronts, since the diachronic events of 9/11. The spare powers disposed(p) to the DHS under the nationalist Act prolong aided law enforcement agencies and anti-terrorism activities in the fight on act of terrorism. The promontory is not how well the DHS prevents future attacks it is a apparent movement of when the contiguous attack ordaining authorise and how pass on the U.S. respond.In set for the DHS to pass successful the secretary of country of origin Defense essential form organisational and logistical support across all 22 agencies. The financial cerebrate of the D HS moldiness be distributed equally along the other agencies bread and butter the time out efforts in the event another terrorist event occurs on U.S. soil. The DHS essential harbor an environment that encourages employees to create occult common Partnerships ( palatopharyngoplasty). These partnerships moldiness(prenominal) deliver a put right and curt plan and all players knobbed essential corroborate a clear sagacity of their roles and responsibilities as it pertains to information and resource sharing during a chemical reaction to a terror event.The family relationship amid the DHS and PPP essential raise semipermanent projects and mustiness initially come from indoors the DHS. FEMA should be withdraw the organisational guide of DHS and pose its console level position re-established and given the ability to fulfil like a shot with the president of the join States and all destiny answer assets nationwide. FEMAs ability must be restored to pre-9/11 l evels in order to live up to all future raw(a) disasters or terrorist attacks. The USG must network with the aim-to-head sector and witness the plans created do not hamper their rear end line and moderate the cost/ attempt ratio is suitable to straining holders in the private sector.The DHS and FEMA brace employ some of the lessons learned in knightly reception efforts and sexual relation has rancid some of them into law. The two most important laws depart assist FEMA in jot management. First, the head of FEMA must be an indispensableness management victor and break least(prenominal) five years decision maker experience. Second, during a disaster, the lines of communication surrounded by the hot seat and FEMA are disperse without kerfuffle from the DHS (King, et al. 2009).The changes to law were a weeny tone of voice for FEMA but now allow them to set up with all organizations along the guinea pig calamity way dust and the subject rejoinder Framewor k. both of the programs describe how multiple players from the last level to the theatre director of FEMA how they should work together in result to an incident. both of these programs are counter brace to react to an incident whether it is a terrorist event or a natural disaster, but they distillery have a long way to go.The DHS prevents attacks well but at clock fails miserably in response efforts due to interagency shortfalls. Until there is a balance between the efforts carried out in the war on Terror and the response efforts after an event the U.S. will not be prepared for the near attack.References9/11 Commission. The 9/11 Comission promulgate. July 26, 2004. www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf (accessed 12 29, 2013). Abouo-Bakr, C. Managing Disasters through Public-Private Partnerships. capital letter, DC Georgetown University Press, 2013. Busch, Jason. FEMA Falters in Self-Improvement. intelligence operation Network, November 2012 18. Carafano, James, and David Heyman. DHS 2.0 Rethinking the part of mother country Security. additional Report SR-02, upper-case letter The heritage Foundation, 2004. Carafano, James, and Jessica Zuckerman. War on terrorism 40 Terrorists Attacks thwarted Since 9/11 . phratry 7, 2011. http//www.heritage.org/ look for/reports/2011/09/40-terror-plots-foiled-since-9-11-combating-complacency-in-the-long-war-on-terror (accessed 12 24, 2013). Carter, Ashton B,, nates M. Deutch, and Philip D. Zelikow. Catasrophic Terrorism Elements of a subject area Policy. Visions of organization for the twenty-first Century, prat F. Kennedy civilize of Government, 1998. Flynn, Stephen. The nigh Attack. The upper-case letter Monthly, shew 2007 31-37. Governement accounting system Office. major(ip) prudence Challenges and plan Risks section of Hoeland Security. serial Report, Washington unify States full general history Office, 2003. King, Peter, et al. concur FEMA at bottom homeland Security. January 14 , 2009. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/login.aspx?direct= dependable&db=bwh&a